Providing an English-language translation of foreign-language article titles is allowed, but not necessary. There is no stated rule on that topic for books. The Bluebook's capitalization rule, Rule 8 , states the following regarding capitalization of words titles:. Incorrect article title: Hearing the voiceless: a respected judge on putting the rights of crime victims above those of defendants. In the text of the article, place the footnote number after any punctuation, including periods, commas, quotations marks, etc.
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FAQ 4: Help! When I add new footnotes, the numbering in supra citations gets messed up. FAQ 5: When should I use "see" in a footnote? FAQ 6: How does "hereinafter" work? FAQ 7: Are there special rules for citing non-English foreign sources? FAQ 8: Are there special capitalization rules for titles?
FAQ 9: Where do I put the footnote numbers in the text, before or after the punctuation? Over It? Here Are Some Other Options Contact Us!
Introduction This is a guide to the Bluebook system of American legal citation. All references to print book page number in this guide are from the 21st edition. Note: Looking for legal citation systems beyond the Bluebook? Scroll down to check out the list under "Over It? Here are Some Other Options It now includes a shorter lecture and an in-class group exercise. Contact a Research Librarian If you need help navigating the Bluebook or are not sure how to cite a particular source, you are welcome to contact a research librarian for help.
The Bluebook: An Overview The Bluebook has two sections: The Bluepages section: citation rules for documents written by practitioners, like legal memoranda and court filings. The Whitepages section: citation rules for legal academic publications, including law journal articles.
Citation Rule Categories Rules pp. Rules for citing primary sources : Rule 10 p. FAQ 1: Does the Bluebook have a list of citation examples for each rule?
Instructions for doing this are in Rule 3. Supra For secondary sources like law review articles and books, if you want to cite a source that you cited longer ago in your paper than the previous footnote, you can use supra. TIP: There are two ways to change text to small caps. Francine Heller et al. Encore of Hicksville, Inc. Kadin, Inc. Joseph J. Blake and Associates, Inc. And a Fourth-Party Action.
Weinberg , as Grantor. Smith et al. In the Matter of H. Earl Fullilove et al. Roy Psaty , Deceased, et al. Yudell Realty, Inc. Harnett , as Commissioner of Labor, Respondent. Posner , Appellant. Howard v Warden of Rikers Is.
Workers' Compensation Board , Respondent. Luis F. Plaintiff Luis F. Ortiz was injured while engaged in demolition work at an apartment building being renovated in Brooklyn. Ortiz and his coworkers were taking debris from the building and placing it in a dumpster outside.
According to Ortiz, the dumpster was about six feet high, eight feet wide, and 14 feet long. The ledge at the top of the dumpster was about eight inches in width. After several hours of work, the dumpster was filling up, and Ortiz and his colleagues climbed up it, using footholds built into the side, and began to rearrange the debris inside to make more room.
It started to rain, making the surface of the dumpster slippery. Ortiz was injured when, while holding a wooden beam and standing at the top of the dumpster, with at least one foot on the narrow ledge, he lost his balance and fell to the ground. Defendants moved for summary judgment as to all of plaintiff's Labor Law claims. In his affidavit in support of his cross motion and in opposition to defendants' motion, Ortiz stated that the task he was instructed to carry out required him to stand on the eight-inch ledge while placing heavy debris in open areas of the dumpster.
In his deposition testimony, Ortiz recalled that he had one foot on the ledge and one foot on the garbage in the dumpster. In his affidavit in opposition to defendants' motion and in support of his cross motion, Ortiz stated that both feet were on the ledge. Ortiz challenged the dismissal of his section 1 cause of action, and the denial of his cross motion on that claim.
The Appellate Division affirmed, simultaneously granting Ortiz leave to appeal to this Court and certifying the question whether its order was properly made. Defendants cite Toefer v Long Is. However, the present case, with the facts considered in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, is distinguishable from Toefer. Ortiz's particular task of rearranging the demolition debris and placing additional debris in the dumpster, as he describes it, required him to stand at the top of the dumpster, six feet above the ground, with at least one foot perched on an eight-inch ledge.
Moreover, defendants failed to adduce any evidence demonstrating that being in a precarious position such as this was not necessary to the task. Nor do defendants demonstrate that no safety device of the kind enumerated in section 1 would have prevented his fall. On this record, therefore, we cannot say as a matter of law that equipment of the kind enumerated in section 1 was not necessary to guard plaintiff from the risk of falling from the top of the dumpster. Consequently, defendants have not demonstrated entitlement to summary judgment.
However, we agree with defendants that Ortiz's cross motion for summary judgment was properly denied. To recover under section 1 , Ortiz must establish that he stood on or near the ledge at the top of the dumpster because it was necessary to do so in order to carry out the task he had been given. While that assertion is enough, in the context of this case and without contradictory evidence from defendants, for plaintiff to ward off summary judgment, it is not sufficient by itself for plaintiff to win summary judgment.
Moreover, to prevail on summary judgment, plaintiff must establish that there is a safety device of the kind enumerated in section 1 that could have prevented his fall, because "liability is contingent upon. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to defendants, as we must when we consider plaintiff's summary judgment motion, a question of fact remains regarding whether the task Ortiz was expected to perform created an elevation-related risk of the kind that the safety devices listed in section 1 shield workers from.
Order modified, etc. See Broggy v Rockefeller Group, Inc. Narducci v Manhasset Bay Assoc. It is a model intended only to illustrate the rules for drafting an opinion in the citational footnote style. General Rules for Formulating Summaries 1. Accuracy — A summary of an appellate case should be factually and legally accurate.
It should faithfully track the jurisdictional predicate and procedural posture of the appeal. It will typically comprise more than one sentence and should be formulated with an emphasis on concision and clarity.
Tense — Summaries of appeals should be written in the past tense. Verification — A summary should be verified against the record on appeal whenever possible. Certain courts provide jurisdictional statements that resemble summaries.
These jurisdictional statements are not part of the opinion itself and are not published as part of the opinion. They may be used as a basis for formulating a summary. A summary should, however, be composed in accordance with the Law Reporting Bureau's formulation rules. Consistency — A summary should be consistent with the description of the appeal contained in the opinion and with the court's decretal or ordering paragraph. Place the name of the judge or justice in parentheses following the name of the court.
Structure — The first sentence of a summary contains the type of cause appeal, proceeding, cross appeals, etc. When the opinion involves an original proceeding in that court, the first sentence may also contain a statement of the nature of the proceeding. The second and any other sentences contain the balance of the information that summaries traditionally have contained, including relevant decretal portions of the appealable paper and of any orders or judgments brought up for review.
Criminal Cases in General — Summaries in criminal cases generally should be formulated in accordance with the following templates: Court of Appeals Cases appeal from an intermediate appellate court : "[First sentence. See Appendix 8 A 8. Samples — Whenever possible use the Sample Forms of Summaries as a template for summaries.
If none of the samples squarely addresses the procedural posture of an opinion, adapt the closest sample to the posture presented. The drafter may also use summaries found in prior Official Reports 2d or 3d series volumes for guidance, but should adapt the format of a prior summary to conform to these General Rules and Sample Forms.
Sample Forms of Summaries: Court of Appeals 1. Lynch, J. Ramos, J. The modification consisted of denying that portion of defendant's motion seeking dismissal on federal preemption and primary jurisdiction grounds. The Appellate Division remanded the matter to Supreme Court for determination of the remaining grounds for defendant's motion.
The following question was certified by the Appellate Division: "Was the order of this Court, which modified the order of the Supreme Court, properly made? Cohen, J. John Sherman, J. Uviller, J. Marlow, J. The County Court had sentenced defendant to a term of five years' probation, to include six months of incarceration in the Dutchess County Jail, directed defendant to pay a fine and administrative fees and to attend a victim impact panel, and required that defendant be placed on an electronic monitor for a period up to one year following his release from jail.
Reargument of Appeal. Reargument of an appeal, taken by permission of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the First Judicial Department, from an order of that Court, entered April 5, Edmead, J. The following question was certified by the Appellate Division: "Was the order of this Court, which reversed the order of the Supreme Court, properly made?
Sample Forms of Summaries: Appellate Division 1. Kent, J. The order denied plaintiff's motion for summary judgment granting him a conversion divorce and granted defendant's cross motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint on the ground that the parties' prenuptial agreement may not serve as a predicate for a conversion divorce.
Emerson, J. The order, insofar as appealed from, granted 1 the motion of defendant County of Suffolk for partial summary judgment dismissing so much of the complaint, insofar as asserted against it, as sought to recover damages based upon alleged events which occurred before January 17, , and 2 that branch of the cross motion of defendant Brunswick Hospital Center which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against it.
The order and judgment granted plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment recognizing and docketing certain foreign country judgments entered in their favor. The order granted defendant's motion for summary judgment and denied plaintiff's cross motion for further discovery.
Judgment was entered dismissing the complaint. The judgment was entered upon an order of that court Bruce Wright, J. McClanahan, J. The decision ruled that claimant was disqualified from receiving unemployment insurance benefits because her employment was terminated due to misconduct.
The decision ruled that claimant sustained a compensable injury and awarded workers' compensation benefits. Porzio, J. Fondacaro, H. Lubow, J. The order adjudicated appellant a juvenile delinquent, upon a fact-finding determination that appellant had committed acts which, if committed by an adult, would have constituted the crimes of conspiracy in the sixth degree and attempted hazing in the first degree, and placed him in the custody of the New York State Office of Children and Family Services for a period of 12 months, with credit for time spent in detention pending disposition.
The appeal brought up for review a fact-finding order dated January 8, The judgment granted the petition and directed that petitioner's sentences be served concurrently. By decision and order on motion of this Court dated November 12, , the Grievance Committee for the Second, Eleventh, and Thirteenth Judicial Districts was authorized to institute and prosecute a disciplinary proceeding against the respondent and the issues raised were referred to the Honorable Herbert Altman, as Special Referee, to hear and report.
The judgment convicted defendant, upon a jury verdict, of attempted kidnapping in the second degree. The judgment convicted defendant, after a nonjury trial, of attempted kidnapping in the second degree.
The judgment convicted defendant, upon his plea of guilty, of attempted kidnapping in the second degree. The order granted defendant's motion to dismiss the counts of the indictment charging him with kidnapping in the second degree. The order granted defendant's motion to set aside the sentence imposed upon his conviction of kidnapping in the second degree.
The order granted defendant's motion pursuant to CPL The appeal brings up for review an order of that court, entered March 3, , which granted plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, denied defendant's cross motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint and granted third-party defendant's cross motion for summary judgment dismissing the third-party complaint.
The determination found that the Unified Court System had committed an improper employer practice. Sample Forms of Summaries: Appellate Term 1. James, J. The order denied defendant's motion for summary judgment and granted plaintiff's cross motion for summary judgment on the fifth cause of action and for an order extending his time to file a notice of trial. Rakower, J. The orders denied nonparty tenant's motion to vacate a default judgment in a nonpayment summary proceeding.
Acosta, J. The order dated December 20, denied defendant's motion to hold plaintiff and its counsel in contempt. The order dated December 27, granted plaintiff's motion to impose sanctions against nonparty appellant for frivolous conduct as defense counsel.
Buggs, J. Schachner, J. The judgment, after a nonjury trial, awarded possession to petitioner in a nonprimary residence holdover summary proceeding. Weinstein, J. Stephen, J. The orders, upon reargument, granted defendants' motions to dismiss the informations in the interest of justice. Ross, J. Kirke Bartley, Jr. The judgment convicted defendant, after a nonjury trial, of stalking in the fourth degree. The judgment convicted defendant, upon a jury verdict, of sexual abuse in the third degree.
Griffiths, J. The amended judgment convicted defendant, upon his plea of guilty, of criminal contempt in the second degree and resentenced him to a three-year term of probation. The order denied defendant's motion, pursuant to CPL The order entered July 10, , insofar as appealed from, denied those branches of plaintiff's motion that sought 1 to dismiss defendant's counterclaim alleging prima facie tort and her affirmative defenses of statute of limitations and frivolousness, and 2 an award of costs and the imposition of sanctions.
The order entered April 30, , insofar as appealed from, denied the branch of plaintiff's motion that sought renewal. Klein, J. The order granted respondent's motion to dismiss the petition in a holdover summary proceeding. Miller, J. The order granted respondent's motion to dismiss the petition in a holdover summary proceeding and denied petitioner's cross motion for summary judgment.
The judgment convicted defendant, upon a jury verdict, of aggravated unlicensed operation of a motor vehicle in the second degree. Justice Courts Sometimes referred to as a Town or Village Court, these are properly stated as Justice Court of the respective town or village. Schnelwar, J. The judgment dismissed the action. Abbreviations appellate history used in, Appendix 3 business firms, Appendix 1 case history, 2. Rules capitalization of, Include the court, omitting any information made redundant by the citation itself, pertinent jurisdictional information and year of decision for all full case references, including references to appellate history.
The term "citation in running text" indicates an authority referred to in the text of a sentence, as in the examples below:. The term "citation within parentheses" refers to any citation that appears entirely within parentheses. In a footnote containing text, citations in running text or within parentheses may be used.
Some examples are:. In a footnote containing only a citation, use the parenthetical citation style, but omit the opening and closing parentheses and change the internal brackets to parentheses.
Place the case name in running text and the volume—report—page or other bibliographic information in the footnote and eliminate the parentheses enclosing the citation. The situation in Rogers v Rogers 1 mirrors the situation in this decision. Place the footnote number at the point where the parenthetical citation would appear if the parenthetical citation were placed in the body of the opinion. When using the citational footnote style, citations that appear within textual footnotes should not be placed within parentheses.
County Court denied defendant's motion; 16 the Appellate Division reversed, vacated the judgment, restored the indictment to the preplea stage and reinstated the prosecution's notice of intent to seek the death penalty. To reference previously cited authority use a short-form reference or " id. Subsequent references to a case in running text or within parentheses may use a shortened case name. Murphy , 6 NY3d 36 [Note: shortened case name with citation to initial page of decision].
Subsequent references to periodicals, treatises and similar works may be shortened by omitting the author's name or the title, in whole or in part, as follows:. David H. When a subsequent reference is made to an immediately preceding authority, " id. Capitalize " Id. Where parallel citations are provided in the first reference, subsequent references that include a pinpoint page should supply the pinpoint page for each parallel citation.
Citations may be introduced by signals that indicate the purpose for which the citations are made and their degree of support or contradiction concerning a proposition. Cite an electronic source if it is the sole source of material referenced or if the print version is not readily available.
Electronic services e. Internet material is cited as indicated in section 2. Slip opinions scheduled for publication in the print Official Reports are cited as indicated in section 2. Trial court and Appellate Term opinions published online only with or without abstracts published in the print Official Reports are cited as indicated in section 2.
Appellate motion decisions published online but not in the print Official Reports are cited as indicated in section 2. If a case has not been officially reported, formulate a case name using the citation naming conventions found in standard citation manuals and apply the abbreviations listed in Appendix 1. For any other case, use the case name found in standard citation services or formulate a name by applying citation naming conventions found in standard citation manuals.
Where the pinpoint page is the same as the initial page or where the decision comprises one page, repeat the initial page for a pinpoint citation as follows:. Citation to the sole footnote in a decision is designated by a lowercase "n" as follows:. Where a case contains more than one footnote, the citation should indicate the number of the footnote being cited as follows:. City of New York v Cont. In citing a single quotation that runs over two or more pages, give the pages at which it begins and ends, separated by a hyphen, rather than a comma:.
Flores v Lower E. Garden Homes Woodlands Co. Although including the precise date of decision and judge is not required, that information may be supplied in brackets, following the citation. Ponce v St. Opinions scheduled for publication in the Official Reports are cited as follows:.
Franklin Corp. Parallel unofficial citations are not used for officially reported New York State cases. A number of opinions not selected for full publication in the Miscellaneous Reports are published in abstract form in the printed Miscellaneous 3d Reports and in full text in the Slip Opinion Service and online Official Reports.
Unreported slip opinions not abstracted in the Miscellaneous Reports are cited as follows:. Most Appellate Division and Appellate Term motion decisions are not published in print.
They are cited as follows:. Cite unreported cases not published in the New York Slip Opinion Service in the following manner, including any information that would be useful in identifying the case:. Keenan v Dayton Beach Park No. Where a case is not officially reported or published as an unreported case in the New York Slip Opinion Service, but appears in the New York Law Journal, cite as follows:. Where the choice lies between an unofficial report that is current and a discontinued unofficial report, the current report should be cited:.
When the citation to the United States Reports is unavailable, supply a blank citation to the United States Reports with a parallel citation to an unofficial report as follows:. Out-of-state cases are cited to the state official reports where available, followed by the parallel National Reporter System citation:. Where an out-of-state case is cited only to the National Reporter System because no official citation is available, the name of the jurisdiction should be added in abbreviated form in brackets:.
When citing reports known by name of the reporter, except New York and English reports, the jurisdiction should be added in abbreviated form in brackets after the name of the reporter:.
When a public domain citation is provided, supply a parallel citation to a published source:. Alberte v Anew Health Care Servs. If the only source is a website, supply additional information using section 2. Citation to a case contained in an electronic service e. If the source is Westlaw or Lexis, and access to both is available, cite both services:. Beasley v Hub City Texas, L. Fulton Bank, N. Citation for tabular cases where the full text is published only on Westlaw and Lexis:.
Regal v General Motors Corp. Citation to decisions posted on the Internet is permitted where the material is not readily available in print. The name of the author may be added if desired:. Applications of a Child with a Disability [Board of Educ. Gilbow v Travis , Ark App [Apr. Some suggested forms of commission and agency document citations in running text are as follows:.
Matter of Freeport Union Free Sch. AmBase Corp. Employer: NYC Tr. Matter of Monroe County Civ. The statute name abbreviations listed in Appendix 4 should be used for statutory citations within parentheses.
Use the statute's terminology when specifying its divisions. A short-form reference may be used for subsequent citations to the same statute.
Defendant moved pursuant to CPL References to parts, subdivisions, paragraphs, subparagraphs, clauses, etc. Some suggested forms of citation of parallel hierarchy in running text are as follows:. References to divisions of sections of statutes cited in ascending hierarchy divisions followed by more inclusive divisions of the section should appear within parentheses as follows:.
Some suggested forms of ascending hierarchy citations in running text are as follows:. In citations of multiple sections of a statute, place two section symbols before the first section cited. The form is:. Where the form of statutory citation omits the section symbol e.
When citations omitting the section symbol appear in running text, the form is:. Commercial statutory compilations often provide commentaries, statutory histories, reviser's notes, etc.
Richard A. William C. Brett S. Bruce A. Patrick M. New York session laws may be cited when referring to a statutory enactment not contained in the consolidated laws or to indicate the addition, amendment, renumbering or repeal of a consolidated law or division thereof.
Laws of ch 21, as amended or chapter 21 of the Laws of as amended. Cite the United States Code if therein. The general rules of parenthetical and running text citation should be observed when referring to out-of-state statutes. When cited in running text, interior brackets are changed to parentheses as follows:.
To incorporate the name of a specific agency in the citation, see section 4. Either abbreviations or the full names may be used in running text. Interior brackets are changed to parentheses as follows:.
When cited within parentheses, both the name of the country or state and the word "Constitution" should be abbreviated, as in the following examples:. When constitutional citations appear in running text, either abbreviations or full names may be used. Some suggested forms are as follows:.
Madison, Federalist No. Treaties signed before are contained in and cited to the United States Statutes at Large. Some electronic sources do not contain pagination; therefore, page references are not required when citing those sources.
Use of the full names of authors is preferred, except for certain treatises noted in section 7. Titles of legal periodicals, treatises and other works and documents are set in roman. A website itself or specific content on a website may be cited. If an Internet document or page is no longer available at the original URL, but has been preserved through caching, cite as follows:. For citations to weblogs blogs , follow the general citation style above, including the author's name, the name of the weblog, the title of the article or entry, the URL and the date of the posting, as follows:.
Trevor W. John C. Joseph T. Daniel J. Virginia R. Gail E. Brian L. Both "Note" or "Comment" and the author's name are used in a law review citation, as follows:. Charles T. Chadbourn rev ]. Alan D. Wendell ed ]. Where the title of a legal treatise begins with language such as "Law of," "Handbook on" or "A Treatise on," that prefatory material is omitted from the citation title.
Ann K. Marjorie A. An author's name should be used in the citation if provided. Otherwise, cite as follows:. National Arbitration Forum Code of Procedure rule 5. Michael D.
Cite an e-book as in the example below. Typically, the parties in an action are referred to, at the trial level, as Plaintiff and Defendant in the event of impleader one might find Third-Party or Fourth-Party Plaintiffs and Defendants ; in a proceeding the parties are referred to as Petitioner and Respondent. On the appellate level, parties are referred to according to their status on appeal, e.
Generally, where there is more than one party sharing the same status i. If a party is sued or suing in a representative or official capacity, that capacity should be set forth in the title. Kathleen M. Use the firm or legal organization name and individual names of appearing attorneys, unless only the firm or legal organization name s or attorney s name s is available.
The following examples are illustrative:. Hong Jang Tsai , pro se, and Stanley H. Nancy Boochever , Yonkers, respondent pro se, and for Eugene A. John Gerdes , Troy, pro se, and Jose A. Thomas Harold Matters , White Plains, for respondents appearing specially. Use the name and title of the following officials with name of counsel but not counsel's title within parentheses :.
Eric T. Barbara H. Full names of specific government bodies and officials are capitalized. Short-form references also are capitalized:. General references to government bodies and officials should not be capitalized:.
The full names of states and their political subdivisions should be capitalized:. The word "state" standing alone should be capitalized only when the word it modifies is capitalized, when referring to a state as a party or when referring to a state acting in its governmental capacity. For example:. Capitalize the following when part of a personal name or when used as a short-form reference to a specific individual:. When multiple constitutional clauses are discussed, the word "Clauses" is capitalized: Takings and Due Process Clauses.
Capitalize constitution when referring to the specific constitution of any nation or state, but lowercase it as a general term. Capitalize amendments to the constitution when referred to by number, such as the Fifteenth Amendment.
Lowercase complaint, answer, bill of particulars, interrogatories, separation agreement, opinion, qualified domestic relations order, temporary restraining order, will, trust and similar terms. Lowercase references to numbered items, such as indictments, interrogatories, apartments, indexes, etc. In general, numbers up to and including nine should be spelled out and numbers above nine should be denoted by figures.
Fractions accompanied by whole numbers should appear in numerical form as follows:. Retain roman numerals that are used in articles of federal and state constitutions and statutes, proper names, names of events and otherwise in accordance with standard authorities. For determinate term sentences, apply the rule in section Reference to specific types of firearms should appear in the form that follows:.
Reference to sex offender risk levels, prison disciplinary hearings, attorney disciplinary charges and state retirement tiers should appear as follows:. When using numbers to identify items in a list that is interwoven in a sentence, place the numbers within parentheses.
Two principal issues were addressed: 1 whether section was inconsistent with state law; and 2 whether parts of the subject code were inconsistent. Three officers comprised the board: president vice-president secretary-treasurer. All the months of the year, with the exception of May, June and July, should be abbreviated when used in parentheses or in footnote citations: Sept. The name of the judge in running text may, but need not, include the full name:. The decision of Mr.
Chief Judge L ippman ; S tark , J. Use the style of personal names as given in the record or briefs. Unless it is the first word of a sentence, do not capitalize the word "the," even if it is part of the name of an entity:.
Quotations should be verbatim as to word style, citation style and punctuation. Commas and periods are placed within the ending quotation mark; colons and semicolons are placed outside. Rules are fully described and illustrated using: clear explanations and illustrations of the basic components of legal citations; step-by-step instructions for building citations to the most common authorities cited by legal practitioners; detailed guidance for citing legal materials to both print and electronic sources; examples, comparison charts, illustrations, and bullet-point explanations designed for quick mastery of basic Bluebook citation rules; tips, hints, and cautions to help users avoid common citation errors; cross references to the controlling Bluebook rules; and a user-friendly format gathering The Bluebook's scattered rules for each authority into one place.
The third edition of Understanding and Mastering The Bluebook is thoroughly revised and updated to the 20th edition of The Bluebook. B37 User's Guide to the "Bluebook" by Alan L. Dworsky; David Tomenes Written for practitioners, the User's Guide covers the major Bluebook rules and most commonly cited materials.
D T46 Learning legal citation is one of the difficult and sometimes admittedly annoying tasks that students new to the law face. This book is designed to ease that task. It initially focuses on conventions that underlie all accepted forms and systems of legal citation. Building on that understanding and an explanation of the "process" of using citations in legal writing, the book then discusses and illustrates the particular rules of The Bluebook and the ALWD Citation Manual for citing cases, statutes, and all other major legal sources.
Unique appendices provide useful comparative information for these two systems of citation.
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